PubMed Central Numerous mechanisms can activate oxidative stress, including electromagnetic radiation, and thereby cause molecular damage. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. RF energy has the ability to heat human tissue, much like the way that microwave ovens heat food, and can be hazardous if the exposure is sufficiently intense or prolonged. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Int J Radiat Biol. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. In the rat hippocampus, glucose uptake plays an important role in spatial learning and memory processes. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Zhao et al. Decreased expression of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA-encoded genes of oxidative phosphorylation in association neocortex in Alzheimer disease. We should ensure that we avoid excessive exposure to microwave radiation in daily life activities and use mobile phones appropriately despite information about its positive effects. PubMed Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. [40] concluded that despite the differences in the conditions used in the experiments, space limitations and whether the wall of the maze was clear did not substantially influence outcomes. 2013;89:11007. Brain Res. 2013;42:428. PubMedGoogle Scholar. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. In addition, another study showed that significant psychiatric symptoms were observed in people who worked in these areas. 2006;79:13140. Article Part of Bioelectromagnetics. Shahin found that regardless of whether exposure was long-term or short-term, 2.45GHz microwaves increased oxidative/nitrosative stress, which potentially led to apoptosis in hippocampal subfield neurons and non-neuronal cells as a result of p53-dependent/independent activation. Gold PE. Occupational Medicine (London) 50.1 (January 2000):49-56. Neuroscience. Im HI, Kenny PJ. Behav Brain Res. 2012;62:22336. 2013;5:5500110. 2000;11:16413. Radial arm maze performance of rats following repeated low level microwave radiation exposure. Terms and Conditions, Cosquer et al. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Merola et al. [64] exposed cultured rat hippocampal neurons to GSM 1800MHz microwaves (SAR, 2.4W/kg) and observed a selective decrease in the amplitude of -amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-soxazole propionic acid (AMPA) miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs). Xu et al. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic. Effects of 2.4 GHz radiofrequency radiation emitted from Wi-Fi equipment on microRNA expression in brain tissue. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. & Hu, XJ. Thurczy G, Kubinyi G, Bodo M, Bakos J, Szabo L. Simultaneous response of brain electrical activity (EEG) and cerebral circulation (REG) to microwave exposure in rats. Ongwijitwat S, Wong-Riley MT. Microwaves are widely used in households, industry, communications, and medical and military buildings, and they provide substantial contributions to the development of human society. Among the variety of neurotransmitters, glutamate is the most abundant endogenous amino acid in the mammalian central nervous system. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. Chizhenkova R. Slow potentials and spike unit activity of the cerebral cortex of rabbits exposed to microwaves. However, its beneficial effects should not be ignored [26]. P Nat Acad. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. Article [78] exposed differentiated astroglial cells that were cultured for 14days in vitro to either continuous 900MHz waves or 900MHz waves modulated in amplitude at 50Hz using a sinusoidal wave form and 100% modulation index for 5, 10, or 20min. J Radiat Proc. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. 2003;80:177. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Regional changes in brain glucose metabolism reflect cognitive impairments in aged rats. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. [62] irradiated Wistar rats, hippocampal synaptosomes and differentiated PC12 cells using microwaves (average power density, 30mW/cm2) for 5min, and the results showed that the post-exposure spatial memory of the rats was significantly decreased, the post-exposure levels of phosphorylated synapsin I (p-synapsin I) and GABA were decreased in the rat and cell experiments, and the post-exposure levels of vesicular GABA transporter and p-synapsin I were increased in small clear synaptic vesicles (which were abnormally assembled in presynaptic terminals) in the rat experiments. Cite this article. 2016;53:210011. 1997;44:99104. Int J Radiat Biol. Microwave exposure impairs synaptic plasticity in the rat hippocampus and pc12 cells through over-activation of the nmda receptor signaling pathway. Bioelectromagnetics. Zhang proposed that the sex-dependent relationship between microwaves and the behavior of offspring may be related to sex hormones, and female rats may be equivalently protected by reducing oxidative stress levels. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. Professor, Asst Director at VIT 2011;107:35661. 2008;86:718. Google Scholar. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. 2004;2004:19. 2012;31:25074. Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Dasdag et al. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. Decreased synthesis of acetylcholine accompanying impaired oxidation of pyruvic acid in rat brain minces. Resting state cortical EEG rhythms in Alzheimer's disease: toward EEG markers for clinical applications: a review. [102] exposed rats to 9.15MHz microwaves (SAR: 0.4mW/g) for 2h. They found that in the cerebellum of all the exposed animals, 11 genes were up-regulated from 1.34- to 2.74-fold, and one gene was down-regulated 0.48-fold. Zhi, WJ., Wang, LF. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Schz J, Waldemar G, Olsen JH, Johansen C. Risks for central nervous system diseases among mobile phone subscribers: a Danish retrospective cohort study. 2016;25:31827. This effect is similar to the decrease observed in NR2B in rats. Behav Brain Res. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. The biological effects of RF energy are proportional to the rate of ener-gy absorption, and the level of absorption varies little with fre-quency. 2005;161:3314. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. Synaptic plasticity is a special function of synapses, which play an important role in learning and memory processes [46], including structural and functional plasticity. Brain electrical activity originates from the membrane potential of the neuron itself and the fluctuation in membrane potential. Suppl Clin Neurophysiol. Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. However, to date, with the exception of high-power microwave radiation, which has widely established hazardous effects, the biological effects of microwaves remain controversial. Research continues on possible biological effects of exposure to RF/MW radiation from radios, cellular phones, the processing and cooking of foods, heat . [20] divided the radar workers into three sets: control group (n=68), exposure group I (n=40, exposed to 812GHz) and exposure group II (n=58, working with radar at 12.518.0GHz). Joubert et al. Abe M, Bonini NM. Chronic exposure to GSM 1800-MHz microwaves reduces excitatory synaptic activity in cultured hippocampal neurons. Effects of 902 MHz electromagnetic field emitted by cellular telephones on response times in humans. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. Toxicol Sci. Neuroreport. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. Numerous studies have shown that increased acetylcholine is related to promotion of the effect of glucose on memory [112,113,114]. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. Biochemical modifications and neuronal damage in brain of young and adult rats after long-term exposure to mobile phone radiations. [46] found that by excessively activating the NMDA receptor signaling pathway, microwaves undermine hippocampal synaptic plasticity, explaining the damage observed in learning and memory abilities in radiated rats. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. [42] found similar results. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. 2013;34:58998. Int J Hyg Environ Health. In long-term epidemiological investigations of large population with occupational exposure, the results have not been consistent. Behav Brain Res. Li HJ, Peng RY, Wang CZ, Qiao SM, Yong Z, Gao YB, et al. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. Brain Res Rev. 2005;25:10190201. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. radiations. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. [14] found that gliomas are not preferentially located in the parts of the brain with the highest exposure. 2003;80:194210. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. 1994;8:714. The results indicated that repeated low-level exposure to extremely low frequency microwaves affects brain functioning and provide an additional approach to analyzing the underlying mechanisms. The induced genes encoded proteins with a variety of functions, including neurotransmitter regulation, BBB maintenance, and melatonin production. Article It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. 2009;158:12639. Among radar workers exposed to 1418GHz microwaves, the somatic symposium anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction and severe depression were caused [19]. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. 1994;15:95104. Bioelectromagnetics. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. WJZ wrote the paper and outlined this manuscript, LFW and XJH provided a detailed guidance throughout the article. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Bioelectromagnetics. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. The effects are usually . Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. Location of gliomas in relation to mobile telephone use: a case-case and case-specular analysis. A metabolomic approach to screening urinary metabolites upon microwave exposure in monkeys. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. CAS 2005;22:32931. [37] exposed male Wistar rats (1012weeks old) to a Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) (900/1800MHz) mobile phone that was in vibrating mode (i.e., no ring tone). Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. Bioelectromagnetics. 2004;25:4957. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571455). Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Arch Environ Health. The biological effects of microwave and RF are difficult to quantify, but one method, which in-volves the determination of the relation-ship between the body mass-averaged The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. 2015;28:1324. Schmid MR, Murbach M, Lustenberger C, Maire M, Kuster N, Achermann P, et al. The results of this study showed that chronic exposure to Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves might impair both unimodal and cross-modal encoding of information. 2006;27:16471. Harris KM. 2015;140:23646. Exp Neurobiol. Wang L, Peng R, Hu X, Gao Y, Wang S, Zhao L, et al. The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. Gene. 2016;397:2239. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. 2000;6:18793. In the treated rats, 50 calls were missed each day for 4weeks, and the spatial memory abilities of the rats were tested after the experimental period. Microwave radiation can heat body tissue the same way it heats your food. 2009;4:e4389. JAMA. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Erdal ME, Erdal N, Ay OI, Ay ME, et al. NR2B plays a key role in LTP and was decreased from the 3rd to the 18th month post-treatment, and long-term exposure to high doses of radiation may therefore damage cognitive functions. Bioelectromagnetics. Electromagn Biol Med. 2012;112:1715. The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. 2015;56:2618. 2005;161:52635. 2010;28:445. Belyaev IY, Koch CB, Terenius O, Roxstrm-Lindquist K, Malmgren LO, Sommer HW, et al. For example, people who have used mobile phones for more than 10years have a clearly higher risk of brain tumors. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Effects of fetal microwave radiation exposure on offspring behavior in mice. 2012;21:6209. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . To investigate the potential combined influence of maternal restraint stress and 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal exposure on postnatal development and behavior in the offspring of exposed rats, control, Wi-Fi-exposed, restrained and both Wi-Fi-exposed and restrained groups were established. An increasing level of acetylcholine can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in synapses, but its concentration was decreased by 60% after exposure to microwave irradiation [117]. 2014;12:75. Larjavaara S, Schz J, Swerdlow A, Feychting M, Johansen C, Lagorio S, et al. LTP induction involves a signal transduction cascade that includes the release of glutamate from synaptic vesicles, activation of NMDAR at postsynaptic membranes, entry of Ca2+, and activation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) II, IV and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) [71]. Physiol Behav. Behav Brain Res. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. The effect of Wi-Fi electromagnetic waves in unimodal and multimodal object recognition tasks in male rats. Xiong et al. Mortazavi S, Tavakkoli-Golpayegani A, Haghani M, Mortazavi S. Looking at the other side of the coin: the search for possible biopositive cognitive effects of the exposure to 900 MHz GSM mobile phone radiofrequency radiation. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. The frequencies of these devices are listed in Table1. Qutob et al. The results indicated that radar microwave radiation leads to a decreased reaction time and lower short-term memory performance [18]. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. The role of microRNAs in cancer. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. Thus, Cosquer et al. Int J Occup Environ Health. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. 2005;1042:1018. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated. Biochem J. Effect on human attention of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones. Koch C, Zador A. Cassel JC, Cosquer B, Galani R, Kuster N. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter radial-maze performance in rats. 2003;41:26887. To determine the specific dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, more intensive studies must be performed. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. 2010;3:4650. Biomed Environ Sci. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. Article PubMed 2015;91:42634. In industrial fields, exposure is usually occupational, and its sources include the surgical and physiotherapeutic use of diathermy, dielectric heating (i.e., heating and vulcanization applications), microwave ovens, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) medical diagnostic equipment, radar, military and research microwave systems, electricity-supplying networks, and electricity-distributing and transmitting equipment [3]. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? After exposure to microwave irradiation (an average power density of 30mW/m2 for 5min/d on five days a week for two consecutive months), the expression of NR2B was decreased in rats, the level of Glu was increased in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid, spatial memory ability was decreased among rats with the TT genotype, and there was no change in the CC type and TC type animals. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. Whole-body exposure to 2.45 GHz electromagnetic fields does not alter 12-arm radial-maze with reduced access to spatial cues in rats. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. 2011;35:36978. Cobb et al. Raised glucose levels enhance scopolamine-induced acetylcholine overflow from the hippocampus: an in vivo microdialysis study in the rat. Furukawa H, Singh SK, Mancusso R, Gouaux E. Subunit arrangement and function in NMDA receptors. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. Google Scholar.

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