Some are based on monoclonal antibodies, and others on simple, rapid . Lastly, do not underestimate the variety of different genera in the four families of the Gram- positive cocci that can, under the right circumstances, move from relatively harmless saprophytes to disease-producing opportunists. (2019, April 4). The oxidase test tests to see if the microbe contains cytochrome c oxidase. Is Micrococcus luteus indole positive? An interesting remaining family member, Microoccus antarcticus, was isolated from Antarctica, and is capable of growing at 4C. The differentiation is based on the detection of the oxidase enzymes. Depend on Gram stain Test and Biochemical Test find four species of cellulolytic bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas diminuta, Micrococcus luteus and Plesiomonas shigelloides. In the case of a negative test, no colour change is observed. This matches up with the PATRIC metagenome binning which also showed some impurities (Figure 1). We found this to be true because the filter paper turned blue, which showed that the species has the cytochrome c oxidase enzyme. Micrococcus spp. luteus is capable of surviving in environments It shows that the sample contains bacteria from the Terrabacteria group. Recent reports, however, confirm that micrococci may be associated with human infections, particularly in immunosuppressed patients. Micrococcus Luteus is a gram positive, non-motile, non-sporing cocci belonging to micrococcea family. The oxidase test results suggest that the microbe does not contain oxidase, despite what the metagenome binning test showed. Luteus is an obligate aerobe (medical. 2-9 In these reports micrococci were identified on the basis of their . This bacterium can withstand massive doses of UV radiation and it also has the capability to degrade certain pollutants such as petrol. Micrococcus luteus is found in lots of places including skin, soil, dust, water, air, mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract of humans (Wikipedia, Micrococcus luteus, 2019). The modified oxidase reagent is prepared as tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine in certified grade dimethyl sulfoxide. Many of the tests did line up with M. luteus though, such as the fluid thyoglycate test, which showed that it was an obligate aerobe. From: Infectious Diseases (Third Edition), 2010 View all Topics About this page The confidence on that reading is decently confident, evidenced by the blue coloring. When a drop of peroxide is placed on catalase-producing bacteria, bubbles appear when the oxygen gas is formed. Growth or weak growth is observed at 45C, at pH 10, and in the presence of 10% sodium chloride (NaCl). (2) Micrococcus spp. You can change these settings at any time, but that may impair functionality on our websites. Several uncommon strains produce raised colonies with translucent, depressed centers. In conclusion, some of my results were inconclusive and conflicting. The two unifying characteristics of these four families are their coccoid shape and the fact that they stain purple in the Grams method for visualizing bacteria microscopically. A positive test leads to the development of blue or purple-blue on the disc within two minutes. This can occur due to the presence of a reduced number of proteins that can bind to penicillin. Members of the Staphylcocci can be differentiated based on production of the enzyme coagulase. Micrococci may be distinguished from staphylococci by a modified oxidase test as shown below-. The Kocuria rhizophila strain ATCC 9341 has been used in quality control for sterility testing, as a test for the effectiveness of antibiotics and fungicides, and for doxycycline, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol susceptibility testing since 1966 under the designation Micrococcus luteus [4]. The modified oxidase reagent is prepared as tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine in certified grade dimethyl sulfoxide. This would be read A/NC. 1. Staphylococcus epidermidis contains cytochrome c which leads to turned purple after oxidation. The metabolic pathways required for biomass production in silico were determined based on earlier models of actinobacteria. Each family of Gram-positive cocci has its own unique configuration. They are also catalase-positive and often weakly oxidase-positive ( modified oxidase test positive). Of those only Vancomycin was closer than 50 millimeters, being 38 millimeters. They are catalase and oxidase positive whereas urease negative. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); Built with Enlightenment Theme and WordPress. Micrococcus luteus can synthesize the iso-branched and anteiso-branched alkenes by the head-to-head condensation of fatty-acid thioesters. It is Gram-positive cocci in tetrads, catalase-positive, coagulase-negative, arranged in clusters that differ from Staphylococcus in attacking sugars oxidatively which may appear in irregular clusters, groups of four or eight. They occur in pairs, tetrads or clusters but not in chains. Micrococcus luteus was found gram-positive cocci, non-spore forming, non-haemolytic, non-motile aerobic or facultative anaerobes, arranged in pairs, irregular clusters and tetrads. . Like MSA, this medium also contains the pH indicator, phenol red. M. luteus has the capability to show dormancy without the formation of spores. The genus Micrococcus consists of Gram-positive spheres occurring in tetrads and in irregular clusters that are usually non-motile and non-spore-forming. luteus is rarely found to be responsible for infections. The nasal cavity microbiome primarily consists of the phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria (Bassis et al. Washington, DC 20001 After observation of the colony and microscopic morphology, the production of catalase by the isolate is documented. The configurations are the result of the plane of cellular division exhibited by the organism. Date: FEB.11.2016 Micrococci have been isolated from the human skin, animal and dairy products, and in beer. Micrococcus., h. Shahidi Bonjar. Wikipedia also says that Micrococcus luteus is an obligate aerobe, backing up what my results show (2019). So far there are two genome sequences that have been done. The first control consisted of plates of agar-agar to test sterility. Though today the immuno-compromised patients take the risk of the infection that has grown. Source: Trainee Council in English, Hello, my name is Dr. Karen Krisher. It is Gram positive, Coagulase positive, catalase and oxidase positive non-motile bacteria. However, the most promising antibiotic regimen that is proposed for the treatment of the Micrococcus luteus seems to be a combination of amikacin, vancomycin, and rifampicin. Most of the bacterium in the gram stains were gram negative, but a significant amount, about twenty percent, showed up as gram positive. M. luteus has one of the smallest genomes of actinobacteria with a circular chromosome of 2,501,097 base pairs and a GC content of 73%. Most of these are mesophiles; some, like Micrococcus antarcticus which is found in Antarctica, are psychrophiles. M. luteus has one of the smallest genomes of all the bacteria. Biochemical 1- Catalase (+ve) 2- Coagulase (-ve) M. luteus is an obligate aerobe (Medical Laboratories). // The micrococci produce tetrads consisting of 4 cocci clustered together. Then to actually isolate a bacterium, I chose a colony from the initial plate and did a quadrant streak of it to further isolate the bacterium, and then incubated it at 38 degrees Celsius for a week. M. luteus has a G-C content of about 65-75 mol%. . This kit utilizes enzymatic reactions to release bacterial DNA from the cell. Micrococcus luteus was formerly known as Micrococcus lysodeikticus. The conflicting results of the metagenome binning and the catalase test influenced this mistake. Kaiju webserver metagenome binning analysis chart. Download Scientific Diagram from www.researchgate.net. Similar to the situation in the prosthetic valve endocarditis that is caused by more aggressive and highly resistant bacteria. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care. Micrococcus was first isolated by Alexander Fleming in 1929, as Micrococcus lysodeikticus before it was known as micrococcus luetus (Ganz et al, 2002) Micrococcus is generally thought of as harmless bacterium, but there have been rare cases of Micrococcus infections in people with compromised immune systems, as occurs with HIV patients. Micrococcus species are strictly aerobic Gram-positive cocci arranged in tetrads or irregular clusters, and cells range from 0.5 to 3 m in diameter. They have a respiratory metabolism, often producing little or no acid from carbohydrates, and are usually halotolerant, growing in 5% NaCl. 2002 can be divided into three biovars that are distinguished by several chemotaxonomic and biochemical traits: biovar I represented by the type strain of Micrococcus luteus; biovar II represented by strain D7 DSM 14234 CCM 4959; and biovar III . My goal in this experiment was to isolate, characterize and identify a bacterial colony that arose from a sample taken from my roommates nose. Krona chart of microbe shows bacterial classes thought to be present in the sample. Oxidase (modified oxidase) test: Positive. Obtain a glucose fermentation tube. Source publication +9 Isolation and Identification of Potential Pathogenic Bacteria in Living Carp (Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758) Sold in. The MacConkey agar showed very little growth, and did not have a change in color, indicating that the microbe was gram positive and not a fermenter. Principle of Microdase (Modified Oxidase) Test The microdase test, also known as modified oxidase test is a rapid test to differentiate Staphylococcus from Micrococcus which are Gram positive cocci possessing catalase enzyme. I used Prokka Genome Annotation to identify which genes are present in the bacterium, Kraken Metagenomics to identify what the DNA reads correlated to on different taxonomic levels, and SPAdes Genome Assembler to determine how many contigs were produced from the reads that were produced. Micrococcus luteusare Gram-positive cocci mostly arranged in tetrads and larger than Staphylococcus. All of these are described in the lab 6 handout and were kept in the incubator at 38 degrees Celsius. Perkins1, Sarah D., Jennie Mayfield2, and Victoria Fraser3 And. The colony took 16 days to be purified. [8], Norwegian researchers in 2013 found a M. luteus strain that synthesizes a pigment that absorbs wavelengths of light from 350 to 475 nanometers. For example, M. luteus and M. lylae are 40-50% genetically different. They are fairly ubiquitous in the environment, and are small (0.5 to 3.5 micrometers in diameter) and non-motile. They are generally strict aerobes and can generally reduce nitrate. The tests that did not agree were most likely from not having an active colony used in the experiment, such as the oxidase test being negative or the API 20 E test strip showing that the isolate did not reduce nitrate, which it does, referencing Medical Laboratories. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. In order to determine physiological characteristics of the culture such as cell shape, arrangement, and whether it was gram positive or negative, which helps determine the cell wall type of the microbe, I performed a gram stain. Staphylococcus spp. The previous classification of these organisms was much simpler; however, with the use of more advanced genetic sequencing methods, these gram-positive cocci have expanded into 4 separate families and their associated genera. Wieser et al. Although of low virulence, the germs may become more pathogenic in patients with impaired resistance, colonizing the surface of heart valves. The oxidase test was negative, as the strip did not change color at all, where it would have turned purple if it was positive. Make a tape label writing the color dot, your name, and the name of the media. When looking back at all the data, it is fairly likely that the isolate is Micrococcus luteus, especially when looking at the fluid thyoglycate test, the colony morphology, and the antibiotic susceptibility. At U.S. Micro Solutions, our microbiology laboratory is a licensed, accredited source for thorough and accurate environmental testing . Reduction of O2 produces superoxide radicals and hydrogen peroxide, or the hydroxyl radical. The pathogen, Staphylococcus aureus, is notably coagulase-positive while most other members of the family are coagulase-negative. Discussion: When looking at all of the results for my isolate, they are not all consistent with Micrococcus luteus. They grow in circular, entire, convex, and creamy yellow-pigmented colonies with diameters of approximately 4 mm after 2-3 days at 37C. I used an API Strep test to determine more of the sugars the bacteria could ferment. Hybridization studies indicate that species within the genus Micrococcus are not closely related, showing as little as 50% sequence similarity. U.S. 2022 American Association for Clinical Chemistry. It shows that it is mostly Actinobacteria, with some firmicules ,and proteobacteria mixed in (Figure 2). Micrococcus spp. 1995; Wieser et al. The typical microscopic morphology of the Gram-positive cocci when using the Grams stain is represented in these three images. The M. luteus genome encodes about four sigma factors and fourteen response regulators, a finding indicative of the adaptation to a rather strict ecological niche. Most of the Micrococcus infections are discovered through the process of elimination along with the presence of the abundant Micrococcus tetrads in the lesions or cysts. Micrococcus luteus is found in lots of places including skin, soil, dust, water, air, mouth, mucosae, oropharynx, and upper respiratory tract of humans (Wikipedia, Micrococcus luteus, 2019). This is designated as beta ()-hemolysis. I grew my bacteria on an Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) plate to see if it could ferment lactose and if it could grow with methylene blue which selects for gram negative bacteria. View Biochemical Tests Lab Report.docx from BIOL 240 at University of Alaska, Anchorage. Micrococcus species are oxidase-positive, where these can be used to distinguish them from some other bacteria like most of the Staphylococcus species, which are generally oxidase-negative. A rare case of prosthetic valve endocarditis is caused by Micrococcus luteus, it is described and compared with the few cases that are reported in the literature, as well as the clinical features, microbiological profile, therapy, and prognosis of common prosthetic valve endocarditis. AACC uses cookies to ensure the best website experience. Micrococcus, genus of spherical bacteria in the family Micrococcaceae that is widely disseminated in nature. The microbiome of the nose. "Pathogen Safety Data Sheets: Infectious Substances Micrococcus spp", "Genome sequence of the Fleming strain of Micrococcus luteus, a simple free-living actinobacterium", "Role of GC-biased mutation pressure on synonymous codon choice in Micrococcus luteus, a bacterium with a high genomic GC-content", "Reclassification of ATCC 9341 from Microccus luteus to Kocuria rhizophila", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micrococcus_luteus&oldid=1132534318, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2023, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 9 January 2023, at 09:24. They are normal inhabitants of the human body and may even be essential in keeping the balance among the various . Take a clean, scratch free glass slide. They are found in many other places in the, M. luteus has one of the smallest genomes of all the bacteria. Your email address will not be published. Micrococcus luteus biochemical test result. [7], In 2003, it was proposed that one strain of Micrococcus luteus, ATCC 9341, be reclassified as Kocuria rhizophila. These residential skin organisms are also fairly ubiquitous in the environment. The antibiotic resistance test showed only minor resistance to the antibiotic Oxacillin, which is likely due to a chance inheritance in the population or complete chance because of the weak strength. I chose to sample bacteria from inside my roommates nose. Mannitol salt agar (MSA) is a selective, differential, and indicator medium used to isolate and identify Staphylococcus aureus from the clinical specimen. With this almost universal range of survivable living conditions that microbes can live in (particularly bacteria), it would be reasonable to assume that there would be at least one variety living in such a nice, wet, and aerated place as my shower drain. This technique is centered on the performance of the classic Grams stain. When looking at the genetic tests, most of the identified strains in the Korona test are Micrococcus luteus. A summary table is included which lists the results of the identification criteria discussed in the tutorial. The taxonomic assignment of this microbe was micrococcus luteus because it was the only bin that PATRIC gave. Biochemical Test Chart (You will not fill in every blank in this chart.) The agglutinability of the cells with antiserum containing anti-teichuronic acid antibody was examined. A number of sophisticated tools are now available for clinical diagnosis. The microdase test is a rapid method to differentiate Staphylococcus (-ve) from Micrococcus +ve) by detection of the enzyme oxidase. Biochemical Test and Identification of Staphylococcus aureus. Colony morphology, the elucidation of the characteristics of the growth of the bacterium on agar medium, in most cases trypticase soy agar containing 5% sheep blood (sBAP). The API 20 E test strip results revealed nothing about what the isolate uses as an electron acceptor because every result was negative, and that it likely only uses glucose as an energy and carbon source and oxygen as its electron acceptor. Structure and PhysiologyThis bacteria is Gram-positive, spherical, and an obligate aerobe. All three types of hemolytic reactions are represented on this slide. M. luteus played an important part in Flemings discovery of Lysozyme which is the bodys natural antibiotic. are gram-positive, oxidase-positive, and strictly they are aerobic cocci that are belonging to the family Micrococcaceae. SUMMARY: 1250 Gram-positive and catalase-positive cocci were isolated from bacon, pig and human skin and dust, and their morphology, physiology and biochemical characters examined. The streptococci and enterococci are categorized by expression of either beta, alpha, or gamma hemolysis on sBAP, depending on the genus/species. J Gen Microbiol 30(1963)409-427 . Micrococcus Public Health Agency of Canada., Public Health England. When viewing the organism microscopically, the staining characteristics of the organism provide important information for identification. It is a gram positive, coccus shaped microbe, and contains catalase. Microbiome 2(27). DNA release from the cell is coupled with adsorption of DNA onto a silica spin-column . It can be easily be mistaken for staphylococci, as they are very similar morphologically and physiologically (Wikipedia, Staphlyococcus Aureus). The family, Micrococcaceae, has been shrinking. Following incubation at 37oC, if the plasma forms a clot, the organism is coagulase positive. It is difficult to differentiate Kocuria from Micrococcus with conventional biochemical methods; therefore, these organisms are often reported together as Micrococcus/Kocuria species. Like all Staphylococci, S. saprophyticus is also clustering Gram-positive cocci, nonmotile, non-spore-forming, and . Only the Micrococcus luteus species contained cytochrome c oxidase. This suggests that some of the Micrococcus species on the basis of ribosomal RNA analysis eventually can be re-classified into other microbial genera. Enterococcus spp. It is often larger thanStaphylococcus. The catalase test tests to see if the microbe contains catalase. I am an associate professor in the Clinical Laboratory Science program at Wayne State University. Alcaligenes faecalis Bacillus megaterium . The results of this analysis are shown in table 1. Under the microscope they are round cells. Subscribe to our e-mail newsletter to receive updates. In the last control, agar-agar was inoculated with 1 mL of M. luteus washed live cells and incubated for 24 h at 37 C. Whereas the M. variant has a G-C content of about 66-72mol%. Results: Regarding the gram stain test, my isolate was gram variable, I ensured that the strain was fresh so that the age of the culture was the same throughout the test. Figure 2. The kaiju metagenome binning shows that the microbe sample is not completely pure (Figure 2). The fluid thioglycallate test showed that the bacteria was an obligate aerobe because the growth was concentrated at the top of the tube in the pink region. Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties of Iranian Medicinal-Plants against Micrococcus Luteus, Serratia Marcescens, Klebsiella Pneumoniae and Bordetella Bronchoseptica.. It is an aerobic exopolysaccharide producing bacteria that may be found on the skin, mouth and sometimes in the throat of mammals 13,14. 2014). Micrococcus luteus has been shown to survive in oligotrophic environments for extended periods of time. Some Micrococcus are pigmented bacteria; for example, M. luteus produces yellow colonies and M. roseus produces redish colonies. This microbe forms large, round colonies. Some of the Micrococcus are pigmented bacteria, for example, M. roseus produces reddish colonies and M. luteus produces yellow colonies. Bacillus megaterium fermented sugars but didn't grow in the anaerobic area of the butt. Micrococcus species are more sensitive to the Bacitracin while the staphylococci are resistant. Micrococcus is a genus of bacteria that is present in the Micrococcaceae family. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Micrococcus_luteus&oldid=887698104, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staphylococcus_aureus&oldid=890960280, An exploration into a pharmacists microbes, An exploration of microbes present in the blood of processed moose. I suspect that the API 20E test strip results were negated by having used an inactive colony, as the fluid thyoglycate test failed as well. What are the Uses of Micrococcus Gram Stain? In a temporal study by Kloos and Musselwhite (1975), it was found that micrococci usually constituted from 1 to 20% of the total aerobic bacteria isolated from the skin of the head, legs, and arms, but less than 1% of those isolated from the high bacterial density areas of the nares and axillae. A very important test in the categorization of the staphylococci is the coagulase test. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.
